what body system does the liver belong to
Homo trunk systems
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The human being torso is a biological machine made of torso systems; groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. Sometimes nosotros get lost while studying most cells and molecules and can't see the woods for the trees. It tin can exist helpful to footstep back and look at the bigger anatomical motion picture.
This topic page will provide you with a quick introduction to the systems of the homo body, and then that every organ you acquire later on will add a superstructure to the basic concept you lot adopt here.
| System of organs | A group of organs that work together to perform i or more functions in the body. |
| Musculoskeletal system | Mechanical back up, posture and locomotion |
| Cardiovascular arrangement | Transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the trunk and elimination of cellular metabolic waste |
| Respiratory organisation | Exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide between the body and air, acrid-base balance regulation, phonation. |
| Nervous system | Initiation and regulation of vital body functions, sensation and body movements. |
| Digestive organisation | Mechanical and chemic degradation of food with purpose of arresting into the body and using as free energy. |
| Urinary system | Filtration of blood and eliminating unnecessary compounds and waste by producing and excreting urine. |
| Endocrine arrangement | Production of hormones in order to regulate a wide variety of bodily functions (due east.thousand. menstrual cycle, sugar levels, etc) |
| Lymphatic system | Draining of excess tissue fluid, allowed defense of the torso. |
| Reproductive arrangement | Production of reproductive cells and contribution towards the reproduction process. |
| Integumentary system | Physical protection of the trunk surface, sensory reception, vitamin synthesis. |
Contents
- Skeletal organization
- Muscular system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory organisation
- Nervous arrangement
- Fundamental nervous system
- Peripheral nervous arrangement
- Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Endocrine system
- Lymphatic system
- Reproductive system
- Integumentary organisation
- Sources
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Skeletal system
The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages. In that location are two parts of the skeleton; centric and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and body. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well every bit supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles.
There are 206 basic in an adult human body. The place at which 2 bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments. Functions of the skeletal system are mechanical support, movement, protection, claret cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation.
Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the torso part they support. Thus, the anatomy of bones, joints and ligaments is studied topographically, as the bones of the; head and neck, thorax, abdomen, upper and lower limbs.
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Muscular system
The muscular system consists of all the trunk muscles. There are three muscle types; polish, cardiac and skeletal muscles. Smooth musculus is institute within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such every bit the tummy or intestines. Cardiac muscle cells class the centre muscle, also called the myocardium. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the trunk.Among these three, merely skeletal muscles tin can exist controlled consciously and enable u.s.a. to produce torso movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is admittedly unconscious. Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive way giving a striped appearance, hence are chosen striated muscle. Shine musculus does not incorporate repetitive sarcomeres, thus is non-striated muscle.
Learn all virtually the muscular arrangement in the report unit of measurement below, or consolidate what you lot already learned with our fully customizable quiz.
Cardiovascular organisation
The cardiovascular system is comprised of the middle and the circulatory system of blood vessels. The heart is equanimous of iv chambers; two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the center through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. Heart valves prevent the backflow of claret.
The centre acts as a two-fashion pump. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated again. While the left side of the heart simultaneously pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues. The regular pumping, or heartbeat, is controlled by the conduction organization of the heart.
The circulatory organization, likewise called the vascular system, consists of arteries, veins and capillaries. They all comprise a continuous network of vessels which act to behave blood around the torso. Claret leaves the middle via arteries, these progressively reduce in size to keep as smaller arterial vessels chosen arterioles. Arterioles terminate in a web of even smaller vessels called capillaries. The exchange of gases and nutrients occurs through the capillary walls.
Minor veins, called venules, exit from capillaries and gradually increment their lumen on the way to the centre to end every bit veins. There is a sure histological deviation betwixt arteries and veins, but their main functional difference reflects the direction in which they conduct blood: the arteries convey blood from the heart to the periphery, whereas the veins convey blood from the periphery to the centre.
In that location are iii separate circuits to the circulatory system.
- The pulmonary circulation which carries blood between the heart and the lungs;
- The coronary circulation which supplies blood to the muscle of the heart;
- And the systemic circulation which carries blood to the rest of the body.
Major arteries within the systemic circulatory system are the aorta and its branches, while the main representatives of the veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
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Major functions of the cardiovascular organisation include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the trunk within the blood, and too as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste.
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of a series of organs; the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs (alveoli). The nasal cavity and pharynx are together called the upper respiratory system, while the rest of the organs comprise the lower respiratory system.
Respiratory organization organs, with the exception of the alveoli, office to conduct air into the lungs aided past the muscles of respiration (mainly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles).
One time air is in the lungs it enters alveoli (the site of gas exchange) and interacts with blood transported past the pulmonary circulation. Here carbon dioxide is removed from, and oxygen returned to, the blood. Thus the major respiratory system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.
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Nervous system
Nervous system controls how we interact with and answer to our environment, by controlling the role of the organs in our other trunk systems. The nervous system organs are the brain, spinal cord and sensory organs. These are continued by neurons, which human action to transmit neural signals around the body.
Morphologically and topographically, the nervous organisation is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Whilst functionally, the nervous arrangement is considered as two parts; the somatic (SNS) or voluntary nervous organisation, and the autonomic (ANS) or involuntary nervous system.
Central nervous arrangement
The central nervous organisation definition is that it receives information from the body'south surroundings and generates instructions, thereby decision-making all the activities of the human being trunk. This 2-manner information flow into, and out of, the CNS is conveyed by the peripheral nervous system.
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The encephalon is placed within the neurocranium, and is formed from the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata). The primal parts of the CNS are occupied by spaces called ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The spinal cord is placed within the vertebral column. The spinal canal extends through the central part of the spinal cord. Information technology is besides filled with CSF and information technology communicates with the ventricles of the encephalon.
The CNS is made of neurons and their processes (axons). Gray matter is fabricated of neuron cell bodies, information technology is constitute in the cerebral cortexand the key portion of the spinal cord. White matter is made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways. The gray matter is where the instructions generate, while the white matter is the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs.
Peripheral nervous organization
The peripheral nervous system definition is that it conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS. It consists of fretfulness and their ganglia. Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs (for instance heart, tongue, nasal mucosa, ear, skin) to the CNS are called the ascending, afferent or sensory nerve fibers. Fibers that comport data from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands) are the descending, efferent, motor or secretory nerve fibers.
A ganglion is a cluster of neural tissue outside of the CNS, made of neuronal jail cell bodies. Ganglia can be both sensory and autonomic. Sensory ganglia are associated with spinal nerves and some cranial nerves (5, VII, IX, Ten).
Peripheral nerves sally from the CNS. In that location are 12 pairs of cranial nerves which ascend from the brain, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves which extend from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves are named I to XII, determined past their skull exit location (inductive to posterior). Spinal fretfulness are divided into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nervus, depending on vertebral level from which they arise. In certain areas of the trunk peripheral nerves interconnect, creating neural networks called plexuses. Notable plexuses are the:
- Cervical plexus (C1-C4) – innervates the back of the caput, some neck muscles, pericardium and diaphragm via greater auricular, transverse cervical nervus, bottom occipital, supraclavicular, and phrenic nerves.
- Brachial plexus (C5-T1) – innervates the upper limb with nerves such every bit median, ulnar, radial, musculocutaneous and axillary nerve.
- Lumbar plexus (L1-L4) – innervates the muscles and the pare of the abdomen and pelvis, besides as thigh muscles via iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral fretfulness.
- Sacral plexus (S1-S4, with branches from L4, L5) – innervates the muscles and peel of parts of the pelvis, posterior thigh, lower leg and foot via the post-obit fretfulness; gluteal, sciatic, posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal, nerve to piriformis, nervus to obturator internus, and nerve to quadratus femoris.
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divisions of the peripheral nervous system, with information conveyed through the cranial and spinal fretfulness.
The somatic nervous system definition is that it allows voluntary control over our movements and responses. It conveys sensory and motor information between the skin, sensory organs, skeletal muscles and the CNS; establishing communication of the human body with its environment and response to outside stimuli. Major somatic peripheral fretfulness include the median nervus, sciatic nerve and femoral nerve.
The autonomic nervous organisation definition is that it controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands. Functionally, the ANS is divided into sympathetic(SANS) and parasympathetic(PANS) autonomic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system definition is informally known as producing the „flight or fight" land as information technology is the role of the ANS which is mostly active during stress.PANS dominates during residuum, and is more active in „rest and digest" or „feed and breed" activities. The centers of SANS and PANS are inside the brainstem and spinal string, and they communicate with SANS and PANS ganglia located throughout the body. Notation that in that location isn't any pure SANS or pure PANS nerve, instead their fibers are added to the specific somatic nerves, making them mixed.
Digestive system
The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the torso and used every bit free energy. Information technology consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accompaniment digestive organs.
The digestive organisation organs spread from the oral fissure to the anal canal. And so it's actually a tube consisting of the mouth, throat, esophagus, breadbasket, small-scale intestine, big intestine, and anal canal. Accessory digestive organs help with the mechanical and chemical food breakup, these are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.
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Urinary organisation
Urinary system is a body drainage system comprised of the grouping of organs that produce and excrete urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Kidneys are paired edible bean-shaped organs placed retroperitoneally. The kidneys have a rich blood supply provided by the renal avenue. Nephrons within the kidneys filter the blood that passes through their web of capillaries (glomerulus). The blood filtrate then passes through a series of tubules and collecting ducts, eventually forming the terminal ultrafiltrate, urine. Urine passes into the ureters, tubes of smooth muscle that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ that collects and stores urine before disposal past urination (micturition). Functions of the urinary organisation include; elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood pH.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a drove of specialised organs (endocrine glands) scattered throughout the torso that act to produce hormones. The main organs of the endocrine system can be seen in the diagram below.
With regards to the endocrine system part; hormones produced by the endocrine system act to regulate a broad diverseness of bodily functions, such as triiodothyronine which regulates metabolism, or estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual bicycle. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the circulatory organisation to regulate the role of distant target organs.
We accept you covered with everything yous need to know about the endocrine organisation here.
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the intercellular fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (white blood cells) of the immune arrangement and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. The lymphatic system function is to; convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body; recirculate proteins; and defend the body from microorganisms.
Lymph is a watery tissue fluid with a similar consistency to blood plasma. Information technology starts as interstitial fluid which occupies the spaces betwixt cells. Excess fluid is picked upwardly by lymphatic capillaries and transported through lymphatic plexuses into lymphatic vessels, filtering through lymph nodes along its journey. Superficial lymphatic vessels are found in the subcutaneous tissue alongside veins. They drain into deep lymphatic vessels that follow the arteries. Lymphatic vessels empty into larger lymphatic trunks, which unite to form 1 of the 2 chief collecting ducts; the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli, collecting lymph from the left side of head, cervix and thorax, left upper limb, belly and both lower limbs and draining it into the left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins). The right lymphatic duct drains the remainder of the trunk and empties into the right venous angle. From the venous angles, cleaned lymph is returned to the circulatory system, rejoining with the fluid of the blood. Note that the central nervous system was previously thought to accept no lymphatic vessels. However, recent research has shown its lymph is drained by lymph vessel-similar structures plant in the meninges.
Lymphatic system organs are divided into master and secondary organs. Primary lymphatic organs produce lymphocytes and release them into lymphatic vessels. The 2 primary lymphoid organs are the thymus and ruby-red os marrow. Secondary lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix and spleen. Lymph nodes are masses of lymphocyte containing lymphoid tissues, attached to lymphoid vessels. Lymph nodes function to filter cellular debris, foreign pathogens, backlog tissue fluid, and leaked plasma proteins. There are aggregations of lymph nodes at key points effectually the body (cervical, axillary, tracheal, inguinal, femoral, and deep nodes related to the aorta).
Reproductive system
The reproductive system, or genital arrangement, is a system of internal and external sex organs which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process. Dissimilar other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences amongst sexes.
The external female person sex organs, also known as the genitals, are the organs of the vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). The internal sexual activity organs are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. The vulva provides an entry to, and protection, for the vagina and uterus, too as the proper warmth and moisture that aids in its sexual and reproductive functions. In addition, it is important for the sexual arousal and orgasm in females.
The vagina is the culvert leading from the outside of the torso to the cervix (neck) of the uterus. Ovaries secrete hormones and produce egg cells, which are transported to the uterus fallopian tubes. The uterus provides protection, diet, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus. In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus contribute to pushing out the fetus at the time of nascence.
The external male sex activity organs are the testes and penis, while the internal are the epididymis, vas deferens and accessory glands. Functionally, they tin be grouped into three categories.The first category is for sperm production (the testes), and storage (epididymis). The second category organs produce ejaculatory fluid; the vas deferens and the accessory glands (seminal vesicles and prostate). The final category is those used for copulation and deposition of the sperm, these include the penis, urethra and vas deferens.
Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the fix of organs that forms the external covering of the trunk. Information technology includes the peel, skin appendages, sweat glands and sensory receptors.
The skin is the largest organ of the trunk. It has three layers; epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is a thick keratinized epithelium made of multiple cell layers. Underneath the epidermis is the dermis, a layer of connective tissue that contains claret vessels and nerves that supply the skin. The underlying fascia, likewise called the hypodermis, consists of fat, connective tissue and peel appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands).The integumentary organization functions are various. It forms a continuous layer that protects the body from various damaging events, such as external injuries, loss of water and heat, and the carcinogenic furnishings of UV rays. It also excretes waste, contains sensory receptors to detect hurting, sensation, pressure, and temperature, and provides for vitamin D synthesis.
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